Calculators + Utilities

This page lists a few online calculators and utilities that are useful to lab users.

Fabrication Processes & Converters

• Thermal Oxide Calculator (BYU)
• Thermal Oxide Calculator (Leland Stanford Jr.)
  • This Thermal Ox calculator allows you to tweak the calculation using the Partial Pressure variable, to match your experimental data.
• Conversion of Pressure Units (calculatoredge.com)
• Mean Free Path tables (Pfeiffer Vacuum)
• LelandStanfordJunior.com: Film Stress, Ion Implant, Thermal Oxidation, KOH Etching & online curve-fitting

Material Parameters

• WebElements: Compounds
  • Boiling points of various compounds can tell you how volatile an etch product may be in a reactive ion etch, or whether they need to be wet-etched instead.
• Physical Properties of Semiconductors (Ioffe Institute)

Wet Etching

• Transene Inc. Chemical Compatibility Chart
  • This table shows common metals and which Transene etchants they are attacked by/impervious to.
• A.R. Clawson, "Guide to references on III±V semiconductor chemical etching", 2001
  • Enormous review of published wet etches of many semiconductors and alloys. The only thing it's missing is a hyperlinked table of contents.

Refractive Indices

Optical constants of many common materials. Useful for Optical thin-film analysis (ellipsometry/spectroscopic fitting), laser etch monitoring, optical filter/mirror/anti-reflection coating design, photonic devices etc.

• LuxPop.com
• RefractiveIndex.info
• Filmetrics Inc.
• Ioffe Institute

Scripts + Programs

Analysis Programs

• AmScope Software - microscope image analysis software
  • AmScope Calibration File containing calibrations for all NanoFab microscopes: Download Here
  • Also available on Nanofiles-SFTP / Manuals / Amscope
• FIJI - scientific image anaylsis software
  • The Microscope Measurement Tools plugin has pre-configured calibrations for NanoFab microscopes & SEMs, and allows you to draw length measurements.
    • Calibrations in this plugin repository are out of date as of microscope upgrades in 2019.
  • There are many other useful plugins, for particle counting, creating animations etc.
• Gwyddion - free analysis software for Atomic Force Microscopes (AFMs) and other 3D data.
  • Sophisticated leveling, slicing, roughness/particulate analysis functions etc.
  • Can open Bruker NanoScope files, from the AFM
• ProfilmOnline.com (Filmetrics) - online analysis/storage/sharing of 3D topographical data and images.
  • You can share an interactive 3D render of your AFM or Profilm3D scans with this tool.
  • Example AFM Scan, taken with NanoFab equipment, shared online for interactive analysis (slice, flatten etc.).

CAD Layout Programs

Use these for designing your lithography mask plates.

L-Edit

Powerful multi-layer layout program. Sophisticated object instantiation and array layout, to reduce files sizes and easily push changes to multiple cells.

• The NanoFab will provide a network license for academic users.
• Windows only.
• Log into the NanoFiles SFTP server, and download L-Edit & Install instructions from the Manuals/Software folder.
• See this L-Edit Tutorial for a good starter guide. Written by Cherry Gupta, courtesy of Prof. Sumita Pennathur.

KLayout

A free, open-source, and fast/simple CAD tool for mask/reticle layout. Download at klayout.de.

• Available on Windows, Mac or *Nix.
• Easily scriptable with Python or Ruby, with decent tutorials.
• Fast and very effective viewing of layer overlay, overlay multiple files, cell hierarchy etc.
• ‘Before’ starting your design, set the Layout Properties > Database Unit to something small eg. 0.0001 µm (0.1nm).
• The only confusing part about KLayout is how to draw circles. You have to draw a square, and then apply the Edit>Selection>Round Corners function. This is for compatibility, because GDS files do not have a "circle" primitive built-in. Make sure you include enough polygon points, eg. 200. See the forum help pages on this for more info.

CAD Design Tips

It is highly recommended that you understand and use the concept of "Cells" in your design. This circumvents many problems with enormous file sizes (due to huge numbers of identical polygons), and if used properly, helps tremendously with programming the Stepper lithography machines. Links to documentation below:

• Create a new cell, and instancing that cell: KLayout Docs : Creating a Cell instance
• Viewing only some levels of the heirachy, to prevent drawing all objects: KLayout Docs: Viewing Cell Heirarchy

OASIS files tend to be much smaller than GDS files, and they also save the Layer Names (not just number). Alternatively, in KLayout the function File > Save Session will save the entire view including layer styles and window/zoom locations will be saved. You can share this file, as the entire design file is embedded within it, but it may not be as robust between KLayout versions.

Example CAD File

Here is an example CAD file, showing the use of Layers and Cells, designed in KLayout. The device is fictional, for illustrative purposes only.

• CAD_Tutorial_for_ASML_Reticle_v1.OAS (Demis D. John)
• Cell "Device_Layout" shows a single device, with each Layer overlaid as it would be in a fabricated device. Each Layer (eg. a "process step" such as Mesa etch, Pad Metal etc.) is placed into it's own Cell.

"Device_Layout" Cell showing as the "top cell"

• Every Cell's Origin (0,0) lies on top of one another in the final Device_Layout.
  • One way this can be accomplished is by selecting the objects/polygons you want to make into a new Cell, then use the function Edit > Selection > Make Cell, and uncheck the "Put Origin at..." checkbox, so the new Cell maintains the same origin as the original view.
• The Cell "Reticle_Layout" can be exported by itself (right-click the Cell name), for sending to the photomask manufacturer.
  • Here is and example GDS file (download) for submission to the photomask manufacturer, with all objects moved to a single Layer.
• See the ASML Mask Making Guidelines page for an example of how to program this Reticle into an ASML Stepper job.

General Calculators

• Anaconda Python
  • A free Matlab-like IDE and GUI, using the Python language. The Spyder interface is modeled after Matlab.
  • Includes the scientific Python libraries needed for array math (numpy), plotting (matplotlib), data science (pandas) and many others. Many open-source packages are available to extend capabilities. The PyVisa module adds equipment control capabilities for automated measurements.

• Octave Online Interpreter (online-utility.org)
  • A Matlab-like command-line interface, powered by Python Octave.

• Wolfram Alpha
  • A versatile online interpreter/calculator, allowing calculations such as "Volume of 1.5g of Silicon", "melting point of SiO2" or "520°C in Fahrenheit".

Python Scripts

These scripts are best run in the Spyder IDE, which is easily installed via Anaconda, Python(X,Y), or by directly compiling Spyder using a command-line package manager.

• Keithley I-V Sweep
  • Sweep voltage and plot current vs. voltage using a Keithley SMU.
  • Already installed at the Probe Station in Bay 4, and on the QFI Thermal Microscope (Use Python(X,Y) to run).
  • Requires the pyvisa python module.
• QFIScope Thermal Analysis
  • Import 2D temperature data from the IR Thermal Microscope (QFI) and plot temperature profiles at user-specified locations.
  • Already installed on the QFI Infrared Microscope.
• Laser Etch Monitor Simulation in Python
  • Simulate your laser endpoint signal as you dry-etch through a stack of thin-film layers, using an open-source electromagnetics module.
• nk.py (Demis D. John)
  • Python functions for returning n (ref. idx.) & k (ext. coeff.) of various NanoFab thin-films at a specified wavelength (aka. dispersion models).